When dealing with networks, both wired and wireless, we can’t fail to mention the security issue. In the case of wireless networks, many users are unaware of the hazards lurking when switching between networks and using unprotected, unverified wireless networks. This article will answer your questions on securing the Wi-Fi network and making it resistant […]

I want to thank all readers for their interest in the post and the discussions we had during the past months about 5G health issues. There was a high number of supporting comments and requests for clarification, but also quite a few critical comments to both of my published posts (What’s wrong with the “studies” and 5G health […]

In today’s blogpost we will discuss how the interworking architecture of the new 5G system with the existing LTE systems looks like. Inter-working between 4G and 5G will play a very important role in the early deployment of 5G system, which will rely on LTE to be the anchor or underlying system. In the standalone (SA) deployment of 5G, good inter-working with the LTE system to facilitate inter-RAT mobility between the two RATs will be required.

What is wireless? Wireless is a way of transporting signals without any wires or optic fibers. Signals propagate through free space in this case. Often, the term wireless, refers to wireless communication. This is a way of transferring information between devices that are not connected with wires. Where is wireless used? Before learning how wireless […]

Introduction to pathloss A transmitter generally radiates the signal which has a specific power using an antenna. This signal travels in the environment as an electromagnetic wave and suffers from a phenomenon known as pathloss. This wave isn’t aware of the exact route to the receiver and hence once transmitted propagates in the direction where […]

Shadowing happens, when there is a large object such as a hill or a building that obscures the main signal path between the transmitter and the receiver. This is known as shadowing (shadow-fading), or slow-fading, as it makes the signal level slowly changing with the time (as e.g., the building is “always” there).